The captain told investigators he tried to nap but couldn’t. The first officer, or co-pilot, slept for 30 minutes after landing in Fort Worth. doi:10.17051/ilkonline.FedEx, however, didn’t tell pilots they were expected to nap because, a manager told NTSB, the company worried about “overburdening flight crews with additional information.” Hafiz Ahmad Bilal, Dr Musarrat Azhar, Ms Ifra Anam, Ms Sadia Saeed (2020) Diphthongs of Pakistani English: An Acoustic Study.
doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2044ĪPA (American Psychological Association) Style "Diphthongs of Pakistani English: An Acoustic Study." Elementary Education Online 19.3 (2020), 3845-3856. Hafiz Ahmad Bilal, Dr Musarrat Azhar, Ms Ifra Anam, Ms Sadia Saeed. MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style "Diphthongs of Pakistani English: An Acoustic Study." Elementary Education Online 19 (2020), 3845-3856. Diphthongs of Pakistani English: An Acoustic Study. Key words: PakE, diphthongs, Praat, acoustic analysis, formant frequencies, Tukeys HSD test.Īrticles by Hafiz Ahmad Bilal Articles by Dr Musarrat Azhar Articles by Ms Ifra Anam Articles by Ms Sadia Saeed Hence, it is concluded that PakE is a different variety of non-native Englishes with its unique characteristics. Two diphthongs i.e., /ei/ and /əu/ were monophthongised, as no glide or trajectory was observed on the Praat spectrogram, and they were articulated in relatively less amount of time as compared to other vowels. The findings revealed that PakE speakers realized only six diphthongs i.e., /iə/, /eə/, /uə/, /ɔi/, /ai/ and /au/. The formant frequencies and the duration were statistically processed applying ANOVA usingTukeys HSD Test to examine whether the differences of F1 at onset and offset and F2 at onset and offset, are significant. The duration of the vowel tokens was also recorded. Formant frequencies F1 and F2 were measured at two different positions (i.e., onsetand offset) of each sequence to observe trajectory of each vowel.
The sounds were recorded using high-tech equipment of VoV FM Radio station of the University. The word list containing diphthongs (adapted from Wells Lexical set) was prepared and the participants were asked to speak each word using a carrier phrase please say loudly. The participants (25 male and 25 female), with Punjabi as their L1, were chosen from among the undergraduates of English studies of University of Sargodha Pakistan. The study explored the number of diphthongs of PakE, and any changes in the realization of diphthongs as compared to SBE. The current study is an acoustic investigation into the diphthongs of Pakistani English (PakE) with the question whether PakE has different set of diphthongs from Standard British English (SBE).
It led to the concept of World Englishes with the idea of many non-native varieties of English. Abstract The slogan that English is the language of those who speak it, has changed the whole spectrum of English studies.
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